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The National Resistance Front of Afghanistan (NRF) (occasionally referred to as the Second Resistance) is a military alliance between former fighters of the Northern Alliance and various other anti-Taliban groups. These groups — all contemporarily allied to the NRF — are loyal to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and heavily oppose Taliban rule. The NRF used to have de facto control over the Panjshir Valley (the vast majority of the Panjshir Province). This region was known as the only region within Afghanistan which had not fallen in the hands of the Taliban. In early September 2021, however, the Taliban claimed victory in the Panjshir Province, stating that they had ousted the NRF from it — both politically and militarily. Nonetheless, the NRF continuously denies the Taliban victory and emphasises their continuous presence in the valley. The NRF alliance is the only organized and legitimate resistance to the Taliban in Afghanistan. The anti-Taliban group has shown signs of undergoing a guerrilla struggle. The resistance has repeatedly proclaimed in favour of an inclusive government within Afghanistan and prioritises social justice. Their current primary objective is rumoured to involve recognition and influence within the new Afghan government. NOTE: This article will be updated soon.

On the 23rd of March 2009, the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP) signed a peace accord with the DRC’s government. This agreement legitimised the CNDP as a political party, and the M23 soldiers (which were part of the revolutionary CNDP) integrated into the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). The M23 insurgency gets its name from the date of the peace accords. However, a 2012 peace agreement ousted the M23 from the FARDC and mutiny has ensued. The March 23 Movement is also known as the Congolese Revolutionary Army and is primarily based in the east of the DRC. In fact, the M23 insurgency operates most often in the North Kivu province and even took control of Goma (a city in North Kivu) in 2012. The insurgency group eventually abandoned the city and engaged in peace talks after being suppressed by the DRC’s troops — which were aided by UN troops. After the M23 rebellion in 2012, the insurgency group conducted its 2022 offensive, where it entered North Kivu once again and fought against the FARDC and MONUSCO (UN peacekeepers in the DRC). The controversy behind this insurgency group has resulted from reports revealing that Rwanda is actively supporting, funding, and training the rebels. As Rwanda profits heavily from minerals found in the East of the DRC, its support for the M23 rebels mitigates the control by the national government over these resources. NOTE: This article will be updated soon.

The Andahuaylazo Etnocaceritas were an ultra-nationalist ethnic insurgency group which fought for the resignation of Alejandro Toledo (former Peruvian president). Between the 1st and 4th of January 2005, retired military general Antauro Humala led 150 armed insurgents towards an attempted coup d’état. On the 1st of January 2005, the Andahuaylazos captured the police station in Andahuaylas . The insurgency labelled the government structure as oppressive and undemocratic and it prioritised the enforcement of indigenous rights. The killing of the four officers on the 2nd of January led to the intervention of the Peruvian military and the consequent arrest of Auntaro Humala. This essentially put a stop to the 2005 insurgency. Nonetheless, the Andahuaylazos were heavily supported by the local population of the Andahuaylas and various sub-groups of the Etnocaceritas have been founded since. The 2005 uprising had earned a lot of support from locals, who even joined the insurgents in the streets. The struggle for indigenous rights persists under a similar ideology to that of the Andahuaylazo insurgency. NOTE: This article will be updated soon.

The TPLF is a paramilitary group within Ethiopia which seeks independence for the Tigray region; a northwestern province of Ethiopia. As a socialist ethnic-nationalist insurgency group, the TPLF is composed of around 100,000 fighters. In fact, the TPLF had overthrown the Ethiopian government with the help of the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF) in 1991. Until 2018, the TPLF had installed a new government within Ethiopia and was essentially ruling it as a whole. When Eritrean president Afwerki and Ethiopian president Ahmed signed a peace agreement in 2018, the Tigray Region found itself completely isolated on diplomatic terms. Eritrea and Ethiopia blockaded all entry points into the Tigray — including the Sudanese border. This has led to extreme famine, supply scarcity, and a humanitarian crisis within the Tigray. The TPLF — despite being recognised as a terrorist group by Ethiopia — continues its political struggle for self-determination and independence. Its large paramilitary insurgency has taken up arms once again in late 2019 to retaliate against Ethiopian and Eritrean political collusion. Controversially, Ethiopian president Ahmed has earned a Nobel Peace Prize, despite the numerous allegations of war crimes being committed by Ethiopian (and Eritrean) forces. NOTE: This article will be updated soon.

Despite having dissolved as an armed group in 1990, the M-19 guerrilla group of Colombia has regained global attention due to Colombia's recent presidential elections. Gustavo Petro, new Colombian president elect, is a former M-19 fighter who participated in guerrilla activities and even became of its political leaders. The M-19 group finds its origins from an allegedly-fraudulent presidential election on the 19th of April 1970. These allegations suggest that Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was denied an electoral victory. The guerrilla group was primarily nationalist, revolutionary socialist, and was self-proclaimed to be fighting to reinstall peace and democracy within Colombia. With around 2000 active members, the M-19 became the second-largest guerrilla group in Colombia after the FARC. This guerrilla group gained heavy recognition after its theft of Bolivar’s sword (1974) and the Dominican Republic Embassy siege (1980) seen on the first slide. However, its siege of the Colombian Palace of Justice made the M-19 group gain attention worldwide after 35 of its fighters entered the Supreme Court of Colombia and held 300 politicians and lawyers hostage. Interestingly, it is rumoured that this siege was supported and masterminded by Pablo Escobar in order to burn and destroy important evidence which supported his crimes. Other activities orchestrated by the M-19 group involved the murder of politicians and further thefts of arms. As aforementioned, the group gave up arms in 1990 and became a legitimate political party. Although the party lost significant legitimacy over time, Gustavo Petro’s election shows signs of resurgence and a continued legacy of the April 19 movement. Petro is currently affiliated to the Humane Colombia movement and will become Colombia’s first ever leftist president. NOTE: This article will be updated soon.

Having started in November 2018, the Yellow Vest movement was a series of populist protests in France which lasted over a year, ending in early 2020. These protests were fuelled by general discontent with French president Emmanuel Macron as a result of rising fuel prices and an alleged increase in economic inequality, particularly between rural and urban areas. The concrete manifesto, per se, of the movement was released on the 29th of November 2018 — a manifesto based on 42 inalienable demands made to the French government. This movement gained heavy attention worldwide due to the omnipresence of violence, particularly in Paris. Numerous looters who had no political affiliation to the movement participated in the riots nonetheless in order to raid and loot businesses. This period of instability was mitigated when Macron cancelled the fuel tax he had imposed earlier in 2018, yet manifestations (of lower violence) continued until the COVID-19 crisis in March 2020. This contemporary crisis reflects an inflationary crisis throughout Europe which has only worsened with the pandemic and the recent war in Ukraine. NOTE: This article will be updated soon.